Thurgood Marshall, First Black Supreme Court Justice

Thurgood Marshall, First Black Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908â€January 24, 1993), the incredible grandson of slaves, was the principal African-American equity selected to the United States Supreme Court, where he served from 1967 to 1991. Prior in his vocation, Marshall was a spearheading social liberties lawyer who effectively contended the milestone case Brown v. Leading body of Education, a significant advance in the battle to integrate American schools. The 1954 Brown choice is viewed as one of the most critical social liberties triumphs of the twentieth century. Quick Facts: Thurgood Marshall Known For: First African-American Supreme Court equity, milestone social equality lawyerAlso Known As: Thoroughgood Marshall, Great DissenterBorn: July 2, 1908 in Baltimore, MarylandParents: William Canfield Marshall, Norma AricaDied: January 24, 1993 in Bethesda, MarylandEducation: Lincoln University, Pennsylvania (BA), Howard University (LLB)Published Works: Thurgood Marshall: His Speeches, Writings, Arguments, Opinions, and Reminiscences (The Library of Black America arrangement) (2001)Awards and Honors: The Thurgood Marshall Award, set up in 1992 by the American Bar Association, is introduced every year to a beneficiary to perceive long haul commitments by individuals from the legitimate calling to the progression of social equality, common freedoms, and human rights in the United States, the ABA says. Marshall got the debut grant in 1992.Spouse(s): Cecilia Suyat Marshallâ (m. 1955â€1993), Vivian Burey Marshall (m. 1929â€1955)Children: John W. Marshall, Thurgood Ma rshall, Jr.Notable Quote: It is intriguing to me that the very people...that would protest sending their white youngsters to class with Negroes are eating food that has been readied, served, and nearly put in their mouths by the moms of those kids. Youth Marshall (named Thoroughgood during childbirth) was conceived in Baltimore on Jan. 24, 1908, the second child of Norma and William Marshall. Norma was a grade teacher and William filled in as a railroad doorman. When Thurgood was 2 years of age, the family moved to Harlem in New York City, where Norma earned a propelled showing degree at Columbia University. The Marshalls came back to Baltimore in 1913 when Thurgood was 5. Thurgood and his sibling Aubrey went to a grade school for blacks just and their mom instructed in one too. William Marshall, who had never moved on from secondary school, filled in as a server in a whites-just nation club. By second grade, Marshall, fatigued of being prodded about his bizarre name and similarly tired of working it out, abbreviated it to â€Å"Thurgood.† In secondary school, Marshall earned better than average evaluations however tended to start mischief in the study hall. As discipline for a portion of his wrongdoings, he was requested to remember bits of the U.S. Constitution. When he left secondary school, Marshall knew the whole report. Marshall consistently realized that he needed to head off to college yet understood his folks couldnt stand to pay his educational cost. In this way, he started setting aside cash while he was in secondary school, functioning as a conveyance kid and a server. In September 1925, Marshall entered Lincoln University, an African-American school in Philadelphia. He expected to contemplate dentistry. School Years Marshall grasped school life. He turned into the star of the discussion club and joined a clique; he was additionally famous with young ladies. However Marshall got himself ever mindful of the need to gain cash. He maintained two sources of income and enhanced that pay with his profit from dominating card matches nearby. Equipped with the disobedient disposition that experienced gotten him into difficulty in secondary school, Marshall was suspended twice for crew tricks. Be that as it may, Marshall was additionally prepared to do progressively genuine undertakings, as when he assisted with coordinating a neighborhood cinema. At the point when Marshall and his companions went to a film in downtown Philadelphia, they were requested to sit in the gallery (the main spot that blacks were permitted). The youngsters cannot and sat in the fundamental seating territory. Regardless of being offended by white benefactors, they stayed in their seats and viewed the film. From that point on, they sat any place they loved at the theater. By his second year at Lincoln, Marshall had chosen he didnt need to turn into a dental specialist, arranging rather to utilize his speech blessings as a rehearsing lawyer. (Marshall, who was 6-foot-2, later kidded that his hands were most likely too huge for him to have become a dental specialist.) Marriage and Law School In his lesser year, Marshall met Vivian Buster Burey, an understudy at the University of Pennsylvania. They experienced passionate feelings for and, regardless of Marshalls moms complaints she felt they were excessively youthful and too poor-wedded in 1929 toward the start of Marshalls senior year. Subsequent to moving on from Lincoln in 1930, Marshall selected at Howard University Law School, a generally dark school in Washington, D.C., where his sibling Aubrey was going to clinical school. Marshalls first decision had been the University of Maryland Law School, however he was declined affirmation due to his race. Norma Marshall pawned her wedding and wedding bands to enable her more youthful child to pay his educational cost. Marshall and his significant other lived with his folks in Baltimore to set aside cash. Marshall drove via train to Washington consistently and worked three low maintenance occupations to make a decent living. Marshalls difficult work paid off. He rose to the highest point of the class in his first year and won the plum occupation of a right hand in the graduate school library. There, he worked intimately with the man who turned into his guide, graduate school senior member Charles Hamilton Houston. Houston, who despised the separation he had endured as a trooper during World War I, had made it his crucial teach another age of African-American attorneys. He imagined a gathering of lawyers who might utilize their law degrees to battle racial separation. Houston was persuaded that the reason for that battle would be the U.S. Constitution itself. He established a significant connection upon Marshall. While working in the Howard law library, Marshall came into contact with a few legal advisors and activists from the NAACP. He joined the association and turned into a functioning part. Marshall graduated first in quite a while class in 1933 and did the law oriented test soon thereafter. Working for the NAACP Marshall opened his own law practice in Baltimore in 1933 at 25 years old. He had scarcely any customers from the start, and the greater part of those cases included minor charges, for example, traffic tickets and unimportant robberies. It didn't help that Marshall opened his training amidst the Great Depression. Marshall turned out to be progressively dynamic in the neighborhood NAACP, selecting new individuals for its Baltimore branch. Since he was accomplished, fair looking, and dressed well, be that as it may, he here and there thought that it was hard to track down shared belief with some African-Americans. Some felt Marshall had an appearance closer to that of a white man than to one of their own race. Be that as it may, Marshalls practical character and simple correspondence style assisted with prevailing upon numerous new individuals. Before long, Marshall started taking cases for the NAACP and was recruited as low maintenance lawful guidance in 1935. As his notoriety developed, Marshall became referred to for his ability as a legal counselor as well as for his off color comical inclination and love of narrating. In the late 1930s, Marshall spoke to African-American instructors in Maryland who were accepting just a large portion of the compensation that white educators earned. Marshall won equivalent compensation understandings in nine Maryland educational committees and in 1939, persuading a government court to proclaim inconsistent pay rates for state funded teachers unlawful. Marshall likewise had the fulfillment of taking a shot at a case, ​Murray v. Pearson, in which he helped a dark man gain admission to the University of Maryland Law School in 1935. That equivalent school had dismissed Marshall just five years sooner. NAACP Chief Counsel In 1938, Marshall was named boss direction to the NAACP in New York. Excited about having a consistent salary, he and Buster moved to Harlem, where Marshall had first gone with his folks as a little youngster. Marshall, whose new position required broad travel and a massive outstanding burden, normally chipped away at segregation cases in territories, for example, lodging, work, and travel housing. Marshall, in 1940, won the first of his Supreme Court triumphs in Quite a while v. Florida, in which the Court upset the feelings of four dark men who had been beaten and pressured into admitting to a homicide. For another case, Marshall was sent to Dallas to speak to a dark man who had been brought for jury obligation and who had been excused when court officials acknowledged he was not white. Marshall met with Texas senator James Allred, whom he effectively convinced that African-Americans reserved a privilege to serve on a jury. The senator went above and beyond, promising to give Texas Rangers to ensure those blacks who served on juries. However few out of every odd circumstance was so effortlessly oversaw. Marshall needed to avoid potential risk at whatever point he voyaged, particularly when taking a shot at disputable cases. He was secured by NAACP guardians and needed to discover safe lodging typically in private homes-any place he went. Regardless of these safety efforts, Marshall regularly dreaded for his security on account of various dangers. He had to utilize shifty strategies, for example, wearing camouflages and changing to various vehicles during trips. On one event, Marshall was arrested by a gathering of police officers while in a little Tennessee town dealing with a case. He was constrained from his vehicle and headed to a disconnected region almost a waterway, where a furious crowd of white men anticipated. Marshalls friend, another dark lawyer, followed the squad car and would not leave until Marshall was discharged. The police, maybe in light of the fact that the observer was a conspicuous Nashville

Simpson S Criminal Case

List of chapters Evidence Public Exposure The preliminary The decision References A resigned American football player, football telecaster, representative, and on-screen character, O. J. Simpson was conceived on the ninth of July 1947. Simpson was held and criminally charged for the killings of Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman. It was a long legitimate tussle that was held in the Californian unrivaled court.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Simpson ‘S Criminal Case explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Felman (2002) says that the Los Angeles case had such exposure to acquire the portrayal as the instance of Simpson against the individuals. The extensive preliminary anyway observed Simpson cleared. It went on for an entire nine months and was regarded the longest preliminary at any point saw in the history books of California’s courts. With all due respect, O. J. Simpson had employed such a group experienced in legal disputes with such reg arded profile. This regarded prominent group was driven by Robert Shapiro, a proficient and scholarly individual in issues of the law. Robert Shapiro had taken an interest in various cases to win him the differentiation of a prominent figure. Later on, the prominent group was driven by F. Lee Bailey and Jonnie Cochran. A presentation of mind and amazing mental capacity portrayed F. Jonnie Cochran when he practiced his capacity to persuade hearers that the DNA proof showed in court was in actuality not strong proof against Simpson. Aeseng (196) takes note of that Cochran persuaded the jury that the proof was differently damaged. This was combined with the freshness of this sort of logical development and revelation in the law courts as a dependable instrument to illustrate proof. Moreover F. Jonnie Cochran’s contentions weighted furthering his potential benefit the blood proof that it had been tainted and had no motivation to be continued as strong proof against Simpson in the homicide preliminary. This and other proof illustrated in court were overwhelmingly disproved under the capable authority of Cochran to the safeguard of Simpson. The barrier group contended that the Los Angeles Police Department at differing times and in assorted conditions related with the examinations and treatment of proof plainly associated with so much offense as to warrant their proof invalid as indicated by (Felman, 2002). Ito (1995) sequentially reports that Simpson wedded Nicole Brown on February 2, 1985 with whom they had two youngsters, yet later separated in 1992. It was not until second June 1994 that Simpson’s previous spouse, Nicole Brown and her companion Ronald Goldman were discovered dead and Simpson cleared of any criminal accusations in a questionable legal dispute from that point. Be that as it may, Jury discoveries highlighted Simpson as obligated for the passing of Ronald Goldman. Jury decisions from past preliminaries like the one that finished on thi rd June 1995 known as â€Å"the preliminary of the century† and resulting ones vindicated OJ Simpson of the two killings. Shosana (2002) calls attention to that these decisions drew clashes and showdowns combined with dissimilar sentiments along racial lines.Advertising Looking for exposition on african american? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was not until 1995 that OJ Simpson was articulated not blameworthy of the passings of Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman after a progression of cases, for example, the common preliminary for improper demise on February fifth 1995, with related case on September fifth 2006, and his supposed admissions in his book â€Å"If I Did It† 2007. As per Ito (1995), a progression of occasions prompted the capture of O. J. Simpson. This was the point at which the Los Angeles Police Department had been persuaded that Simpson could turn himself up to the police. Strikingly, these charge s had no bail. Notwithstanding the charges could putting Simpson in the conceivable danger of homicide, Simpson’s capture was set apart with media inclusion that proposed self destruction. The police were in a quandary. They needed to get him definitely. His opportunity was where legal counselors had persuaded them to sit tight for him. It was a situation including the media, the police, and onlookers in their hundreds if not thousands. A pursuit for O. J. Simpson resulted including an expected twenty helicopters and different vehicles. The pursuit was never described by any occurrence of trades of firearm shoot, however the weapons were held by either party. It reached a conclusion at around eight P.M when a couple of moments later Simpson gave up to the police. Proof According to Linder (2010), implicating proof on the contribution of OJ Simpson on the homicides vouch for the demonstration. An observer had seen him stroll with his pooch and implicating proof of gloves found at the scene and outside his house was proof of his contribution. A progression of occasions affirmed and gave proof implicating OJ Simpson of the killings. On the said date, Simpson’s endeavor to call Paula from his wireless as Charles did, didn't see OJ Simpson on the critical were not effective. As per Linder (2010), OJ Simpson consolidated home viciousness with overpowering mercilessness against Nicole Brown, proof of his fierceness towards her. Notwithstanding witness records of individuals seeing a man of the portrayal of OJ Simpson in the area of homicide on the critical day, his belongings, for example, his white top, his call history affirmed against him. Also, Simpson deceived Paula on his endeavor to call her from his Bronco, and Allan Park’s calendar to take Simpson to the air terminal on the pivotal day fizzled (Linder 2010). Linder keeps on reporting the realities that Allan’s attempt to buzz Simpson’s radio got no reaction. On further exam inations, Linder (2010) contends that hair was discovered reliable with Simpson’s hair at the homicide scene and on Ron Goldman’s shirt. Other proof that point to him as the guilty party included fiber predictable with that of the rug in the Bronco were found on top at Bundy’s home, blood proof dropped close to shoe prints at Bundy’s when measurably broke down demonstrated that about 0.5% of the populace could coordinate that of OJ Simpson’s.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Simpson ‘S Criminal Case explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More It was decide later that Simpson had new injury cuts the day after the homicides were carried out an away from to an association in a demonstration of injury, in this way highlighting the homicide. Linder (2010) gives an itemized record of gloves that were found at the area of homicide coordinating his, and the dooming proof of shoes and bizarre calls structure Simpson to Pa ula and Nicole, with prominent anxiety of OJ Simpson when faced with inquiries regarding the passing casualties. Linder (2010) shows that Glove proof: Left glove found at Bundy and right glove discovered Simpson living arrangement are Aris Light gloves, size XL, Nicole Brown purchased pair of Aris Light XL gloves in 1990 at Bloomingdale’s, Simpson wore Aris Light gloves from 1990 to June, 1994. Shoe proof: Shoe prints found at Bundy were from a size 12 Bruno Magli shoe, Bloody shoe impact on Bronco cover is predictable with a Magli shoe, Simpson wore a size 12 shoe. Additional proof insinuating OJ Simpson as the culprit of the wrongdoing was the point at which he wouldn't affirm in his legal dispute. Linder (2010) says that â€Å"Simpson didn't affirm at his criminal preliminary. Barrier lawyers will quite often call as an observer a lucid customer that they accept to be innocent†. Different preliminaries demonstrated that Simpson had no critical exertion in finding th e executioners as Shosana (2002) outlines. Likewise, â€Å"Subsequent to the criminal preliminary other proof of Simpson’s blame surfaced.â The most huge of the new proof may have been photos of Simpson wearing Bruno Magli shoes.â The new proof, along with a great part of the proof considered in the criminal preliminary, persuaded a common jury that Simpson killed Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman† Linder (2010). Likewise, Simpson admitted in his book â€Å"If I Did It† written in 2007. Cited DNA proof appeared to positively affirm against Simpson. Moderately new in figuring out who and what in tests, blood found at the scene had DNA that certainly highlighted Simpson as the prime suspect. Aeseng (1996) depicts the blood tests as affirmed to be his after DNA tests were led to distinguish whose example the blood could be. Tests are tried and a walk led to decide the level of dependability on the tests. They walked well and left little uncertainty with respect t o whom the blood found at the homicide scene had a place. Ito (1995) sees the blood tests found at various focuses obviously comparable that of Simpson. These blood tests were found in close Simpson’s Bronco, on a couple of sock having a place with Simpson that found on Goldman’s shirt likewise emphatically highlighted Simpson as the guilty party, blood gathered by LAPD criminologist following a little while highlighted him, and fingerprints that were blood recolored additionally showed that Simpson was included. Anyway the blood proof was not without entanglements. Aeseng (1996) remarks that, among the weaknesses remembered unexplained conditions for which a blood test had disappeared from LA County District Attorney’s office. The assortment techniques for some blood tests from the location of the wrongdoing appeared to be imperfect and unequivocally proposed defilement. Other proof introduced in court was disproved as not dependable. The contentions were that sure shoes introduced didn't coordinate Simpson’s and that he had always lost such shoes. They were not his.Advertising Searching for exposition on african american? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Open Exposure Though the case pulled in far reaching media and open

Music Groups at MIT, Pt.2

Music Groups at MIT, Pt.2 [by Jessica Noss 14] Unable to choose a single group, I decided to stay in MITWE, MITSO, and Techiya, at least for the first couple weeks. I ended up staying all semester, which turned out to be a very bad idea by the end of the semester. All three groups had their end-of-semester concerts on the same weekend, which coincided with end-of-semester projects, the last round of psets, and other hecticness. By the end of the semester, I knew I couldnt stay in all three groups. But I really didnt want to leave any of them, because they were all so much fun! MITWE fall 2010, photo courtesy of The Tech. I decided to quit either MITWE or MITSO, since Techiya was the only singing group, and I figured I could handle two groups. The MITWE director, Dr. Fred Harris, is a great conductor. Hes very fun, energetic, and he comes up with the most ridiculous yet appropriate analogies. One of my favorites was when he was trying to explain how to be more expressive and what sort of mood the piece should have: more like a feather bed. Right now, youre sleeping on a water mattress- only, its frozen. Although MITWE rehearsed 7:30-10pm twice a week, it was just really fun. And in case youre wondering, a wind ensemble is the same as a band. I think they call it MITWE (pronounced mit-wee) just because it sounds nicer. The MITSO director, Dr. Adam Boyles, is simply amazing. Words cannot describe why I love him as a director. Hes very professional, patient, and supportive. He pays attention to the tiniest musical details and fixes everything so that its perfect. His level of musicianship just makes me feel so lucky to be a part of MITSO. MITSO After much debating, and much wishing I could stay in all three groups, I finally chose to stay in MITSO simply because it was less of a time commitment. As a wind player, I often dont play in every piece, so I dont have to go to the entire 7:30-10pm rehearsal twice a week. Also, playing in fewer pieces means less music to practice, which saves time. Ironically, I ended up joining yet another group a couple weeks later. Chamber Chorus was looking for more altos, so I came to their rehearsal and got in without an official audition or having to sing solo! I guess sometimes music groups are just as desperate for members as I was originally desperate to be in groups. Also, there apparently arent very many people who want to rehearse at 9:30am. The Chamber Chorus (and Concert Choir) director, Dr. Bill Cutter, is yet another excellent conductor. With so many incredible singers (the ones who actually had to audition to get in) who can actually sight read pretty well, he can spend time on details like dynamics or when to say the final /s/ at the end of the word place. He also teaches us how to speak English did you know whisper (and other words that begin with a wh) is actually pronounced hwisper? Its amazing how much better a song sounds when everyone says the words the same way, with clear diction. Chamber Chorus is a really great gro up, and I still cant believe I got in.

Is Genetic Engineering Be A Rising Controversial Issue

Genetic engineering has become a rising controversial issue in the world today because of its possible positive uses but further more its likely serious consequences and downsides. To understand the controversy we must first understand exactly what human genetic engineering is. Genetic engineering is the manipulation of the human genome to alter or get rid of undesirable genes; these include negative physical traits along with health related genetic problems such as disease and disability. Potentially, it could allow us to decide and design exactly which traits a newborn would inherit before birth. There is no denying the argument that it would be incredibly useful to have the ability to control and manipulate embryos in order to prevent diseases. However although there would be possible benefits, it is believed by many, including myself, that this huge medical step would cause more harm than good. On top of this, the concept of screening to prevent genetic disorders also suggests that a person with a disorder is somehow inferior, less desirable or not equal. Coming from a family that has lost many to the heartbreaking disease of cancer, I would love to see humans advance to a point where things like this were no longer a part of life. However, in my opinion, genetic engineering is not the solution to this nor is it the way of the future. In the article â€Å" Engineering the perfect baby,† Antonio Regaldo quotes Edward Lanphier who says, â€Å"There really isn’t a medical reason.Show MoreRelatedBiotechnology : Genetically Modified Foods1698 Words   |  7 Pag esto identify an individual), DNA cloning, IVF (in vitro fertilisation – conceiving a baby outside of the body), designer babies (baby whose genetic make-up has been specifically selected), transgenesis (introducing foreign genes into an organism), genome analysis, genetic modification (including genetically modified foods), stem cell research, tissue engineering (improving or replacing tissues) and also xenotransplantation (transporting organs or tissues between two different species). In forensicsRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms Into Modern Society1611 Words   |  7 Pagesadvantages of GMOs 2 Introduction With any new discovery, there are always risks involved, some being serious and some being trivial. Issues such as starvation and diseases brought on by lack of food or malnutrition in developing societies are much too serious for people to neglect or shy away from a relatively new potentially world saving biotechnology. Of course this technology has aRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms (GMO) Labeling Legislation Essay934 Words   |  4 PagesDid you know, the â€Å"‘Monsanto Protection Act’ effectively bars federal courts from being able to halt the sale or planting of controversial genetically modified (aka GMO) or genetically engineered (GE) seeds, no matter what health issues may arise concerning GMOs in the future† (â€Å"5 Appalling Facts†)? Genetic engineering allows genetic material to be transferred between any organism, including between plants and animals. Genetically modified foods have been in existence since the early 1990s andRead Mor eGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe genetic engineering of plants is looming as one of the greatest and most intractable challenges of the 21st Century. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been with us for some forty years, yet they are difficult to understand. Despite the fact that much has been written about them, controversy still surrounds their production and consumption. GMOs are the result of genetic engineering, also known as genetic modification, which is the â€Å"deliberate, controlled manipulation of genes in anRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemmas Of The United States1673 Words   |  7 Pagesthe potential to develop one later on in life can be detrimental to not only the individual, but the individual’s family. Eliminating terminal genetic diseases will not only relieve people of pain and hardships, it will also help decrease the number of patients in hospitals which could allow the healthcare industry to focus on other major health issues rising in society. Throughout history civilization has merged from a society of moral connections to that of a more scientific fact based one. It isRead MoreEssay about The Morals and Ethics of Genetic Engineering3310 Words   |  14 Pagesbreakthrough, genetic engineering has been on a path toward changing the world since its introduction in 1973 by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer (What). However, as genetic engineering slowly permeates the lives of humanity, the morals and ethics behind what are now common practices are entering public attention, and as a culture we are left to question whether the change brought on by such a discovery bring benefits and positive change, or damage and destruction. Genetic engineering is justifiedRead MoreAshley Ligonde. Writing In Health Diseases. Professor Eicher.850 Words   |  4 PagesEicher Food Essay I believe that the government should remove GMO’s and all genetically modified products off the market. A genetically modified organism, or GMO, is an organism that has had its DNA altered or modified in some way through genetic engineering. Even though they are beneficial, they cause a lot of bad side effects. Some of the effects are harmful to environment and to human beings. The effects of GMOs can affect us long term if we don’t handle it now. I believe that GMOs were createdRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods1963 Words   |  8 Pagesinvolving genetic modification * end of food diversity Conclusion The Benefits and Dangers of Genetically Modified Foods In the near future, kids may soon have the option to not eat their vegetables! The reason being, genetically modified foods have emerged from science labs quickly making their way to the dinner table. Firstly, what are genetically modified foods (GMFs)? Genetically modified (GM) foods are simply put foods that have had their DNA directly manipulated via genetic engineeringRead MoreAgriculture and Technology6502 Words   |  27 Pagesof civilization. Altering crops through breeding practices changes the genetic make-up of a plant to develop crops with more beneficial characteristics for humans, for example, larger fruits or seeds, drought-tolerance, or resistance to pests. Significant advances in plant breeding ensued after the work of geneticist Gregor Mendel. His work on dominant and recessive alleles gave plant breeders a better understanding of genetics and brought great insights to the techniques utilized by plant breedersRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms : Is A Food Lab el Necessary?2521 Words   |  11 Pagesthere is always a demand for a larger food supply. GE foods have been said to increase crop yields and promote efficient land use, all while reducing the use of synthetic chemical pesticides that can cause environmental damage (Mission 2014). The main issue with GE foods is whether or not they should be labeled on food products in the U.S. This all stems back to the consumers right to know debate, pros and con’s come with each side of labeling. There is a lack of education when it comes to GE foods, especially

The Oil And Gas Industry - 1293 Words

The oil and gas industry is characterized by many processes, including exploration, resource extraction, refining, transport, and the trade of products. These resources are important to a number of other industries, and have become vital to the maintenance of industrial civilization. Not only does energy affect the big businesses on the coasts and across the oceans; but it also affects everyday people in rural America, from pump jacks to coal mines. It’s easy to see that technology affects retail, entertainment, telecommunications, and other fields. But the new technologies being adopted in industry draw a lot of funding, and affect the governmental decisions, industrial funding, and other aspects of economy and world relations. The industry of oil and gas has evolved since the first oil wells and reservoirs were found. We have recently seen an array of advanced technologies to improve production efficiency, harvest productivity, and performance. These advancements do not seem to be slowing down. The energy industry has seen innovation in the form of hydraulic fracturing, advanced drilling methods, and the harnessing of natural gas. However, such advancements made in the technologies raise questions on the environmental impacts of oil and gas innovation. Legal issues are created and raised with the advent of hydraulic fracturing. This piece will discuss two large topics of interest seen in the realm of energy law. We will discuss whether the advent of new technology in theShow MoreRelatedThe Oil And Gas Industry1146 Words   |  5 PagesThe oil and gas industry is crucial to the U.S. economy and plays a central role in its environment, society, and economic development . The U.S. consumes more oil than any other country. Products derived from oil include medicine, recreational sports items, cosmetics, plastic, chemicals, transportation liquids, etc... This is to say, crude oil is the most important natural resource of the industrialized nations, as it has assisted in the technical expansion and discovery of new sources and productionRead MoreThe Oil And Gas Industry2146 Words   |  9 Pagesand production one like Cairn Energy, operate in the oil and gas industry. Each of these companies faces some financial, commercial or contractual considerations similar throughout the industry, and some peculiar to the area of operation within the industry. Problems within the oil and gas companies have occurred in the past due to askew interests and these problems are likely to occur in the future. Managers within the oil and gas industries requires essential working knowledge of the concepts involvedRead MoreThe Oil And Gas Industry2308 Words   |  10 PagesWhen thinking about how all this oil and gas gets from the platforms in the gulf to land to be produced, you will run across the phrase, â€Å"flow assurance.† Flow assurance is what makes sure these oils and gases get from point A to point B without any hesitations or problems. Its main purpose is to prevent hydrates, clogged pipes, and wax depositions. So can the oilfield industry survive without flow assurance, especially in deep water operations? By reading this, you will learn how important flowRead MoreThe Oil And Gas Industry2910 Words   |  12 PagesThe oil and gas industry has been largely dependent on the collaboration between oil and gas companies and governments represented by environmental and regulatory agencies. This collaboration has been in place to regulate the practices and to protect the environment around the field operations sites. Some of the environmental agencies roles in the oil and gas industry includes: †¢ The design of safety procedures and drills. †¢ The implementation of these procedures to ensure they’re respected and carriedRead MoreThe Oil And Gas Industry1285 Words   |  6 Pagesthe largest in the southern U.S. and Texas, has been developing strong economy, especially in oil and gas industry. During the last decades of the twentieth century, Houston focused on developing energy industry—which comprises oil and gas exploration and production, oilfield equipment manufacturing and wholesaling, and pipeline transportation. However, some economists doubt that depending on oil and gas too much could make Houston particularly vulnerable to economic downturns determined by energyRead MoreThe Oil And Gas Industry1662 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most capital intensive and globalized industries is the energy sector because of its operations that are inherently complex. As such, the oil and gas projects experience overruns of costs that exceeds 100 percent at times, which have created the need for adoption o f new contracting strategies (Schramn, Meibner, Weidinger, 2009). The risks in most cases are contractually distributed and shared among the energy project stakeholders instead of leaving it to the owner. 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Analysis of Conclusion of Thoreau’s Walden Essay - 2987 Words

Analysis of â€Å"Conclusion† of Thoreau’s Walden The chapter entitled â€Å"Conclusion† is a fitting and compelling final chapter to Thoreau’s Walden. Throughout Walden, Thoreau delves into his surroundings, the very specifics of nature, and what he was thinking about, without employing any metaphors and including none of his poignant aphorisms. However, placed among these at-times tedious sections, come spectacular and wholly enjoyable interludes of great and profound thought from a writer that has become extremely popular in modern America. His growth of popularity over such contemporary favorites as Emerson in our modern era stems from the fact that Thoreau calls for an â€Å"ideological revolution to simplification† in our lives. This†¦show more content†¦He compares this ability and this behavior to humans which are, of course, now more sedentary creatures that cherish their homeland and do not wish to embark on worldly peregrinations as such. The young transcendentalist tells us that as a society we now choose to bind ourselves in certain earthly locations; however, we can still very easily get to hell. In a very direct and straightforward sense, he is saying that although human nature now wishes more than ever to stay in one place and move about less, we can still quite easily make the ultimately undesirable trip to an underworld, doomed to pay for sins, stationed in one place on Earth as they may be. â€Å"...Doctors prescribe for diseases of the skin merely,† Thoreau wrote. What did he mean? I believe that the young writer’s sentiment can be interpreted in a couple of manners. First, doctors during his time would be relying much more on just looking at the outer health and condition of the â€Å"skin† (as a synecdoche for the rest of the patient’s outer signs and symptoms) for making diagnoses and surmises about the fault of a patient’s health. On a much deeper and more symbolical level, the intellectual strata where Thoreau most likely intended the statement to be found, this statement could be in order to emphasize a point that doctors weren’t and still really aren’t able today to fix and diagnose problems and diseases of the human soul and spirit. The soul and conscienceShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast Thoreau And Walden1424 Words   |  6 PagesA Literary Analysis of works by Mary Oliver Henry David Thoreau Author, Henry David Thoreau and Mary Oliver are both very passionate about nature and what it has to offer in life, as well as the symbolism behind nature and its creatures in their works of literature, in â€Å"Walden†, and â€Å"The House of Light†, Both authors discuss their views of nature and the beauty of the world that they want to make familiar to their audience. 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In his novel Walden, he remarks that â€Å"every morning was a cheerful invitation to make [his] life of equal simplicity†¦ with Nature herself,† and even contemplates that â€Å"[he had] never yet met a man who was quite awake† (Thoreau 70, 72). Thoreau believed that the trueRead MoreTranscendentalism Essay1545 Words   |  7 Pages Primarily started in New England, Ralph Waldo Emerson was a key component in this new philosophical era of intuitive, spiritual thinking. His unique style of literature (such as Self-Reliance and The Am erican Scholar) as well as Henry David Thoreau’s Walden brought objective ideas into the open, while critiquing the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time. The core of the values of transcendentalism can be stemmed from a mix of Hindu teachings and German idealism. These valuesRead MoreTranscendentalism in Civil Disobedience3710 Words   |  15 PagesTranscendentalism in Civil Disobedience Thoreaus Politics of Individuality and Nature Dannheisig 2 Contents Introduction 1. Transcendentalism a. Nature b. Introspective Conscience and Politics 2. Political Individualism a. Ethical and Political (In)justice b. Critique of Democracy Conclusion Bibliography 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Dannheisig 3 Introduction Henry David Thoreau was part of a movement called American Transcendentalism. To illuminate Thoreaus understanding of democracy, politicalRead MoreDeTocquevilles Benefits of Democracy Compared With the Principles Found in Walden1680 Words   |  7 Pagespublic spirit, a notion of rights, and respect for the law. Keeping these results of democracy in mind, while reading Thoreau’s Walden a reader will wonder whether or not the author is comfortable with the notion of living in a democratic government. 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Henry David Thoreau, was born in 1817 and although unbeknownst to his younger self would soon become a great leader in transcendental thought. During Thoreau’s graduation from Harvard, a speech entitled, The American Scholar, by Ralph Waldo Emerson, was given as the graduation speech. Thoreau became fascinated by Emerson’s way of thinking, (Transcendentalism) and wished to become a disciple of the greatRead MoreMasculinity in Chuck Palahniuks Work7062 Words   |  29 PagesMachiavellian and self-serving wars, have rendered men yearning for integral and worthy of emulation, male role models.2   Mendieta’s analysis of Palahniuk’s work takes a very direct approach in margining masculinity in crisis, directly blaming culture itself. I believe that Palahniuk’s characters are not victims of society’s emasculating effects, but subject to their own self-analysis.   What truly interests Palahniuk is the nature of man in response to this.   Palahniuk’s concern is not that men are no longer

Lord Of The Flies 7 Essay Research free essay sample

Lord Of The Fliess 7 Essay, Research Paper Essay on Lord of the Fliess The novel, Lord of the Flies, was written by William Golding. William Golding was born on September 19, 1911. His literary aspirations began at the immature age of seven. He received his Bachelor of Humanistic disciplines from Oxford University in 1935. His novels explore characters and state of affairss. In Lord of the Flies, it is a clip of war. A group of English schoolboys are on a plane, when they are attacked and they have to evacuate their aircraft. They find themselves on a distant island, someplace in the Pacific Ocean, without any grownup supervising. A male child named Ralph takes charge and forms a petroleum society, with a democratic type of authorities. Then, a male child named Jack decides to interrupt off and organize his ain society, with him being the leader, regulating with a absolutism type of authorities, doing Ralph s society to crumple and fall apart. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord Of The Flies 7 Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page William Golding believed that the defects of a society could be traced back to the defects of the human nature. These societies were really different from each other because the persons were really different. Ralph s society was based on everyone holding a say in the authorities. Ralph was sort and good to the people of his society. He allow them hold freedom and autonomies which was non travel for his society because they abused their freedom and became lazy and irresponsible. His society did non hold their precedences in order because Ralph did non emphasize that the deliverance fire and the shelters were necessary. Ralph was inactive and did non maintain his society in line. The were excessively boisterous to command. Another factor in the death of Ralph s society was the other members. Piggy, like Ralph, was non aggressive plenty. He let himself be pushed around when he knew he was making the right thing. Piggy did non hold the leading qualities. An illustration of this is when he let the littluns go when he was supposed to take all of their names. Finally the society got excessively boisterous and could be non be controlled. Jack s society was really different from Ralph s. He was the dictator and the members of his society had to make what he commanded. One of his defect was that he had no regard for his society. He was disorganized and did non maintain path of things. Something could hold happened in his society, doing injury to the people in it. An illustration of this was when they had a fire for cooking the meat and he did non take attention of it so it went out of control. He did non do regulations or give anyone any duties. His people would acquire lazy and irresponsible. Jack had no aim. This caused his society to non hold a end besides. All they wanted to make was Hunt. Jack was excessively aggressive. The people of his society were excessively scared to hold their ain sentiment. Jack wanted to hold merriment, and that was all he wanted. This made his society centered around holding merriment and avoiding duty. Another member affected the society was Roger. Roger was the executioner. The whole s ociety feared him and they did non desire to interrupt the regulations, for they knew they would be badly punished. This besides caused the society to hold no sentiment. With all these defects, Jack s society would hold failed besides if it had adequate clip. These societies were really different from each other, but they did hold one thing in common, they both failed. The society had defects because their leaders had defects. The form of a society must depend on the ethical nature of the person and non on any political system. What William Golding implied throughout this book was that the defects of a society can be traced back to the defects of human nature.

Socail Darwinism Essays - Herbert Spencer, Biological Evolution

Socail Darwinism Darwin is not responsible for 'Social Darwinism.' War and oppression have always been components of human history, however with the introduction of Darwin's theory of evolution man had a new justification for his cruelty. Darwin's ideas promoted a superman or super-race philosophy. The prime component of Darwin's ideas revolves around the notion that life progresses by natural selection - the survival of the fittest. Couple this with the racist culture in the scientific world of his day and you have the reason to pursue any exploitive agenda. Might makes right, so why not proclaim yourself the master race and conquer others? Theodore Roosevelt stated that a racial war to the finish with the Indians was inevitable and there should be a spread of English-speaking people all over the world (Morris 1989, 68-70). Some may say that Social Darwinism is the root cause of all of the world's current problems. Social Darwinism leads individuals as well as social, ethnic, or religious groups, and also nations to compete against other individuals, groups, or nations because they feel in some way superior or think they just naturally have to compete. As we know the practices by which powerful nations or peoples seek to extend and maintain control or influence over weaker nations or peoples is Imperialism and, colonialism usually suggest formal political control, involving territorial takeover and loss of self-government. The intention is to broadly to control or influence either formally or informally, directly or indirectly, politically or economically. Each imperial state attempted to control the trade of its colonies, in order to acquire the benefits of that trade. States pursued power for a variety of reasons: by the need to expand their economies, by the desire for security, and diplomatic advantages. Social Darwinism is that process and which up people within the nation decides to impose their way or philosophy of life i.e. economic structure, social standards, and processes with the intent to dominate and control. This process is fulfilled over many years focusing an economic, social, executive objective. When a nation exists in a constant state of growth using calculated, adaptive resolutions that promotes forward mobility, personifies Social Darwinism. The basic American attitude throughout history has been remarkable by design and left their homeland to implement their native customs. In the minds of most Americans it has been embedded into the basic American thinking. Over the years the attempts to conform one cultural group into the ways of another, many believe, has made this country so prominent ...but at what cost. We have fought wars with the purpose of securing sovereignty within and abroad, capitalizing on the forward momentum knowing that history has taught us that o nly the strong will survive. Social Darwinism, as the name clearly implies, is the application of Darwinian theory to human society. Supporters use the theory both within single nation states, to justify internal inequalities between citizens. Society is not nature; rather it is an artificial structure specifically designed to avoid the perils of the natural world. In human society the collective endeavor is to protect the weakest members, those who would be vulnerable in the state of nature, and allow them the same rights as the strongest. Society was not created to benefit the strong, to grant them control over the weak. All men are created equal is the tenet human civilization ideally attempts to recognize but individual selfishness continually attempts to denounce. Human beings do not adapt to their environment as much as they attempt to change it. That is the purpose of social teamwork: to change the environment. Human society, as a Social Darwinist claims to perceive it, is not some sort of higher order level of nature; human society, unlike many animal societies, does not evolve and adapt to the natural world; human society endeavors to change the face of the natural world. Human beings have the grand desire to adapt the world and their society to themselves, not vice-versa. Martin Luther King forced America to change, he had not, rather, adapted to (or, more accurately, accepted) its contagious hatred of the black man then he may as well never have existed. Human society does not coexist with nature; it attempts to rise above it. Human society, unlike

w 2 Vietnam Essays

History c/w 2 Vietnam Essays History c/w 2 Vietnam Essay History c/w 2 Vietnam Essay There are many factors which came together to explain why the US withdrew its forces from Vietnam in 1972. In the short term the US withdrew because the conditions in 1973 were right and Nixons election campaign was approaching. 1973 was a good year for both parties to pull out of the war as peace terms had been agreed by both sides. Linked to these short-term factors were long term factors, which included financial, social and military reasons. All these long-term term factors had been gradually becoming worse running up to 1973. For example by the end of the war, it was costing $30 billion every year to continue fighting the war, also people t home and even the soldiers in Vietnam had, had enough and many wanted to see the end of the war.A long-term reason why the US withdrew from Vietnam in 1973 is their failure to win the war. I say they failed to win to war as, in1973 at the time of the withdraw, they werent winning.There were many reasons why the US was losing. The first reason why they were losing was due to the tactic being used by both sides. The US had a huge army with modern weapons, whilst in contrast the Vietcong had a small army with old weapons. In this respect the US were by far superior to the Vietcong.However the Vietcong were used to fighting in the jungle environment of Vietnam. The Vietcong gained these skills when they defended Vietnam from the French after WWII to keep it from the French empire. The Vietcong guerrilla tactics became more advanced over time as the Vietcong learnt how to use them against their enemy. The Vietcong used booby traps, such as Charlie sticks and trip wires. They also used to ambush the US troops and then disappear again.The US used totally different tactics; they used a huge bombing campaign as their main tactic. In fact the campaign was so large more weight of bombs was dropped during the Vietnam War than during the whole of the entire Second World War. However conventional bombs didnt d estroy the forest, in which the Vietcong hid, which is what the US needed to do. To destroy forest the US used Napalm, but Napalm didnt only burn forest and soldiers but it also killed civilians.The US were used to urban warfare and not jungle warfare, whilst on the other hand Vietcong used to jungle warfare not urban warfare.This important and decisive difference was shown most clearly during the Tet Offensive. The Tet Offensive was where North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam. This took the fight to the South Vietnamese army in the towns and populated areas and out of the jungle. In this offensive the Vietcong were out classed by superior US firepower. This huge defeat against the Vietcong caused morale amongst the Vietcong army to fall.However the Vietcong soldiers werent the only ones with low morale, the US also had low morale amongst the solders, which was due to the jungle warfare and tactics. There were other causes for the low morale. One of the other reasons were drugs, as th ere were drugs circulating around the camps. The second reason is fragging. Fragging is where soldiers shot their officers, the soldiers did this because the officers wanted to see action in the war in order to help there careers, however the soldiers wanted to see as little action as possible as this made it more likely that theyd get home safely. This wouldve made the US withdraw form Vietnam because you cant fight a war where soldiers have low morale, as the soldiers dont want to fight. In fact the soldiers didnt want to fight so much that they ended up shooting their officers to prevent them from fighting.The low morale amongst the US troops was worsened by the fact that the US troops didnt know what they were fighting for any more. This view came about when the US troops realised that they had no support from the South Vietnamese peasants. The soldiers understood that they had been sent into Vietnam to protect the South Vietnamese people, from North Vietnam and the communism th at the North wished to impose upon the South Vietnamese people. However the soldiers asked themselves why they were trying to prevent this, since it was clear that most of the South Vietnamese people wanted to become communism. The fact that the soldiers didnt know what they where fighting for and that the south Vietnamese people wanted to be communist wouldve made the US withdraw from Vietnam in 1973. This is because now their justifications and reasons for the war didnt exist as the US troops were fighting for a country whos residents resented the presence of the US troops, due to the fact that they wanted to become what the US were trying to prevent.This failure or inability to win the war had severe effects back at home in the US.For the first real time in history a war could be seen back home on the news. These clips and footage of the war were uncensored, unlike the clips of WWII. This meant that people not only saw the successes and failures of the US army, but they also saw the horrors of the war. All these pictures of horrors of the Vietnamese war had their own impact on the US people. As more people began to see how bad the war was, the more people there were attempting to avoid it, the most famous of these people was Muhammad Ali, the boxer, who refused to fight in Vietnam when his draft letter came through. These people were called draft dodgers. These people were called this because they attempted to avoid the draft, which was a letter, which came through the post telling you that you had to serve a tour of duty, which was one years service in Vietnam. There were many ways in which people could avoid the draft; if you were a teacher, lifeguard, in the police force or if you were in the fire service were among the ways in which you could avoid the draft. Another way people attempted to avoid the draft was to burn the letter when it came through the post.On March 16th 1968, just South of Khe Sahn an American patrol approached My Lai. The battle for Khe Sahn and the Tet offensive were still raging. The patrol entered the village and killed 347 men, women and children. Some of the women had been raped first. Other reports say that the number of dead stands at over 500 innocent people. The My Lai massacre changed opinion in the US because it showed the atrocities of the war and what was really happening over in Vietnam. Also the massacre showed that Americans werent always the good guys, as here they are murdering innocent people. Some were now wondering how true it is that the Americans are the good guys if their soldiers were responsible for massacres like My Lai. However My Lai wasnt an isolated incident as the picture of the suspected Vietcong was shot by an American without a trail. When the picture reached the US it looked like the execution of a man who hadnt been tried.All this and the horrors of the Tet offensive made the Americans back home question why there were US soldiers fighting and ultimately dying in Vietnam.Pic tures and events like My Lai caused lots of unrest amongst the US people. This unrest was shown through riots, marches and protests, which went ahead all over America. These demonstrations gave rise to the hippy movement, which favoured peace and love instead of war. One example of these protests is the Ohio university demonstration in which students were expressing their views when the US National Guard opened fire on the protesters killing some of them. Therefore because of the war Americans were killing Americans, which wouldve made the US withdraw from the war as this shows how bad people, thought the war was.On the other hand the media was concentrating on the war and these demonstrations, which meant that the Civil Rights Movement lost its interest amongst the media. Therefore the Civil Rights Movement lost press interest and people became more interested in the war.This point leads me onto the racially related reasons why the US withdrew from Vietnam in 1973. The black commun ity were unhappy with the war because proportionally more blacks were being sent to Vietnam than any other social or ethnic group. This would have made the black community unhappy with the Vietnam War because it wouldve meant more blacks were being sent to Vietnam than were supposed to be.We can tell that some blacks were upset because martin Luther king made a speech in which he expressed his view that he was concerned that the black US soldiers were being sent over to Vietnam. They were being sent in order to fight for a sense freedom for the Vietnamese people, which they do not even have for them selves. Still in todays world proportionally more blacks are in the US army than any other ethnic group.This wasnt the only reason the black community had to be upset about; Johnsons great reform was cut back. The aim of the great reform was to end racial segregation and inequality in the US. The combination of all the social and racial reasons would have made the US withdraw from Vietna m, as the pressure on the government from the black community and the civil rights movement would have been immense. Also many people felt the war was pointless and more than good was coming from it.Another reason why the US people would have been unhappy with the war was that no new public buildings were being built. For example no new schools, hospitals, swimming pools etc were being built.These public buildings werent being built due to the fact that the government spending had been cut to fund the war effort. Therefore the US public were suffering direct effects of the Vietnam War, which they wouldnt of liked, making them opposed to the war. The government had to cut their spending on the public buildings because the war was draining funds. In fact the war cost $120 billion overall and by the end of the war it was costing $30 billion per year. Cost however isnt only measured in money; the cost can also be measured in human lives. An estimate at the end of the war stood at 58,132 US people lost their lives in Vietnam and many more were injured.The cost of the war wouldve made the US withdraw from Vietnam because the financial cost of the war was severely denting the US economy and the US were keen to pull out so that they could save money. The death toll on the US people was getting to high.So far I have only explained the long-term reasons why the US withdrew from Vietnam. On top of that I have given general reasons for why the US withdrew from Vietnam but the question asks why in 1973. To answer this part of the question there are a selection of short-term reasons. The first of these short-term reasons was presidential elections. Nixon wanted to stay in power for another four years and to do this he had to win the presidential elections in November 1972. To win Nixon knew he had to quit the war. This is because in the 1968 elections president Johnson decided not to stand at the elections because of the war. Nixon won the elections by promising to pull US troops out of the war, so to fulfil his promise he had to show that US troops were leaving or were on the verge of leaving. If Nixon didnt sign a peace treaty and exit the war there was no way he would be able to win the elections. Therefore one reason why the US withdrew from Vietnam in 1973 was because president Nixon wanted to win the next election and he knew pulling out was the only way he could win the elections.The fact that Nixon wanted peace was helped by the fact that the North Vietnamese were willing to agree peace terms with the US. To put pressure on the North Vietnamese government the US began a huge bombing campaign so that the North would submit to US demands. The campaign was massive; more bombs were dropped in the 11 days of this campaign than there had been in the rest of the Vietnam War. Eventually peace terms were agreed which included a cease-fire between both sides, US troops would leave within 60 days of this cease-fire, elections would be held in the South t o choose a new government. Also in the terms was that all US Prisoners Of War would be freed, and there were almost 700 of these. This term let Nixon partly achieve his peace with honour idea that the US would withdraw from Vietnam without total surrender.However not everyone was happy with these terms, Thieu, president of South Vietnam, was upset by the terms of the cease-fire because he believed the terms would leave south Vietnam at the mercy of the North Vietnamese. He knew that the terms would ultimately lead to the end of South Vietnam as the North would invade the south and the North would easily win. Nixon overcame this by telling Thieu that if he didnt sign the agreement then the US would sign it without him, Thieu was forced to sign it. This wouldve contributed to the US withdrawing from Vietnam in 1973 as they signed the peace treaty on 27th January 1973, which meant they could now withdraw as they had signed a peace treaty with the North.Nixon could now withdraw from Vie tnam, but if he simply just pulled all US troops out of Vietnam in one go then the South Vietnamese army would be easily beaten by the Vietcong. So what Nixon proposed to do was to introduce Vietnamisation, which was where US troops gradually withdrew from Vietnam and at the same time US troops would train up the South Vietnamese army so that they could carry on fighting the war once the US had left.In 1971 the US approved an invasion of Laos by South Vietnam, which was aimed at blocking the Ho Chi Minh trail, which was the main supply route to the Vietcong. US had been bombing the trail since 1964 but these were the first ground forces. After six weeks the South Vietnamese withdrew, almost 50% of the soldiers were killed or wounded. This huge failure by the south Vietnamese army proved to many that the south Vietnamese couldnt stand up to the Vietcong without the US. Due to this invasion the North Vietnamese felt that vietnamisation would be a good thing because they realised that the South Vietnamese army would be easy to defeat once the US withdrew from Vietnam.I have explained why the US withdrew from Vietnam in 1973. The reasons for this ranged from racial reasons to the presidential elections of 1972. All these reasons fell into two categories: long term and short term reasons. These categories can be explained like a football game. The build up to a goal is the long-term effect of a goal, whilst the short-term effect of a goal is the shot. I have considered the significance of the reasons and concluded that factors working together have led to the point where the US feels they have to withdraw from Vietnam. However I have I felt the timing of the withdraw was significant. I say this because of the elections which where approaching. Nixons main reason to withdraw was that he wanted to win another session in power. Nixon also felt that these elections were a point where the US could move on from the Vietnam War. These facts therefore raise the question th at would the US have withdrew from Vietnam that year if there werent any elections?My view on this is that I believe they wouldnt have withdrawn from Vietnam if there hadnt been presidential elections in that year. Another reason why I felt the timing of the withdraw was so significant was that a new super power had arisen onto the international stage. The US felt that if it pulled out of the Vietnam war it would be easier to make friends with China as they were next to Vietnam and wouldnt have liked that fact that the US were waging a war so close to them. Also China was a communist country and they were trying to prevent communism spreading in Vietnam, which wouldve made China weary of the US, as they obviously didnt like communism. This also raises the question what would have happened if China, a new super power, didnt arise at that time. Would this have left the US with less incentive to leave the war and withdraw from Vietnam in 1973?

GAP Corporate Strategy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

GAP Corporate Strategy - Article Example then the necessary strategic changes that have made in its corporate strategy to have better business. At the end I will conclude this discussion. Corporate strategy expresses the marketplace and the commerce in which an organization will perform its function. Competitive or company strategy describes for a given Corporate the foundations on which it will struggle. Corporate strategy is characteristically determined in the situation of significant the company's mission and proposal, that is, declaring what the corporation does, why it survives, and what it is future to become. Competitive strategy pivots on a company's abilities, powers, and flaws in relative to marketplace exceptionality and the equivalent abilities, powers, and flaws of its contestants.1 Corporate Strategy is apprehensive with the in general motive and range of the commerce to assemble stakeholder prospect. This is a vital level since it is a lot prejudiced by financier in the business and operates to direct tactical decision making all through the organization. Corporate strategy is frequently confirmed openly in a mission statement (Johnson, 2002). This section of the paper provides the introduction of the GAP Inc. ... What started as one brand has developed to take in Gap, GapKids, gapbody, babyGap, GapMaternity. Gap has turn out to be an intellectual icon by contributing clothing and accessories entrenched in cool, certain and casual style to customers in the regions of the world.2 Gap Inc. is a most important worldwide field retailer with a physically powerful group of brands and economic 2007 profits of $15.8 billion. GAP is dedicated to helping the wants of there customers while bringing excellence earnings and long term worth to our shareholders (Gap Inc, 2008). Gap Inc. is a top international field retailer presenting personal concern goods for men, ladies, kinds and babies beneath the Gap style, Banana Republic and aged Navy products, by means of a fourth products, Forth & Towne, commencement in 2005. established in 1969 by Doris and Don Fisher in city of San Francisco, California, Gap Inc. has grown-up from a particular store with a few workers to around 3,000 stores in the France, United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Japan, with approximately more than 150,000 staff. In the United States, clients may as well shop the corporation's online stores. A public corporation, Gap Inc. is operated on the New York Stock-Exchange and is established on the Cal vert community indicator, Domini 400 Social indicator, and lot of others (Gap Inc, 2008-a). Part 2 This part of the paper will provide the analysis and evaluation how external and internal factors affecting GAP Inc. How the GAP will cater then this will be addressed in this part. The Gap Inc is one of the world's leading apparel brands and was valued at US$7.7 billion in 2003 (GAP). They first wrote their

Leadership of Generation X and Generation Y in the European Service Dissertation

Leadership of Generation X and Generation Y in the European Service Industry - Dissertation Example Based on these responses, one group may in some ways be more effective than the other, but regardless of efficacy, each group has its own skill and qualities which make each group more efficient in some ways than the other. Aims: This study shall establish the differences between the leadership of generation X and Y within the European Service Industry. Specifically it shall determine: differences in leadership qualities between Generation X and Y how these differences impact on the European Service Industry whether or not one leadership style is more effective than the other in terms of securing specific and efficient goals for the industry and the organization involved areas of improvement for either group which can help improve their leadership skills. Discussion At present, there is a new generation of workers which have entered the workforce. These new workers have new expectations and there are also new expectations being anticipated for these new workers. Based on the report b y Yu and Miller (2005), Generation X workers will decline to 7% within the 1998 to 2008 period, and the younger Generation X workers would also fall to 1% within this same time period. On the other hand, Gen Y workers in the 16 to 24 year age range is expected to increase by 15% (Cole, et.al., 2002). In terms of actual numbers, these percentages represent about 44 million Gen Xers and 80 million Gen Yers (Sujansky, 2004). Moreover, even as Gen Y members are already included in the workforce, they have not gotten to a critical number as yet. Consequently, managers are expected to manage the generational gaps which seem to exist for employees and also manage the specific needs of the Gen Yers (Smola and Sutton 2002). Under these conditions would conflicts between these two groups be more manageable, decreasing possible misunderstandings among employees from different generations (Smola and Sutton 2002). The entry of Gen Y into the workforce with their unique work qualities have caused major shifts and changes in the workplace, with employers wanting to know everything there is to know about this group (Raines, 2002). The purpose of this paper is to establish such qualities and to compare these with the Gen Xers. Generational groups include individuals who have similar historical and social experiences (Kupperschmidt, 2000). These experiences consolidate this group, often allowing for shared values and most of them related to experiencing and seeing in the world in similar ways (Patterson, 2007). Even as each individual worker is very much unique, each generation usually establishes a common personality which impacts on how members are managing their lives and activities, their feelings towards managers and corporations, their work participation, and the means by which they seek to manage such ends and desires (Kupperschmidt, 2000). Although it is not appropriate to have generalizations about individuals within each generation, it is often inevitable to observe t hat those who belong to the same era are influenced in similar ways; and these influences often make them predisposed to similar expectations (Patterson, 2007). Even as there seems to be an agreement in terms of how a generation is defined based on birth years, there are also issues in the exact years by

Effect of Short Message System Reminder on Medicine Regime

Effect of Short Message System Reminder on Medicine Regime Effect of Short Message System reminder on adherence with recommended regimen among Ischemic Heart Disease patients. Introduction: Ischemic heart disease is the narrowing of coronary artery by a plaque which composed of fat material, according to World Health Organization (WHO) ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the first leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, accounting for 13.3% of death cases (World Health Organization, 2011). 75% of death and 82% of disability adjusted life years (DALY) in low and middle-income countries occur due to IHD (Gaziano, Bitton, Anand, Abrahams-Gessel, Murphy, 2010), in Jordan IHD account for 18% of death cases, being the first leading cause of death (CDC, 2013). However survival rate of IHD increase recently (Piepoli et al., 2010). Patients discharge to their homes within five days (Saczynski et al., 2010), and the progress of healing after discharge demands an effective care planning, particularly, those who are newly diagnosed with IHD. After discharge patients encounter a challenge time (Eshah Bond, 2009), and life style changes include, adherence with eating heart-healthy diet, adherence with regular physical activity, and adherence with medication have ascertained by American Herat Association and considered from moderate and strong evidence (Eckel et al., 2013). adherence with these recommendations are associated with decrease readmission and mortality rate (Heran et al., 2011) , however few people adhere with recommended guidelines (Martin, Williams, Haskard, DiMatteo, 2005). Non adherence, one of the most important obstacle for successful treatment, is a widespread health problem that threat the health and cause a valuable economical burden as well (Martin et al., 2005). Non adherence to healthy lifestyle including eating unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and non compliance with medication are known to increase the development and progression of IHD (Danaei et al., 2009). On the other direction adherence with healthy lifestyle would decrease the burden of IHD (Chiuve, McCullough, Sacks, Rimm, 2006). Medication adherence refers to whether patients take their medications as prescribed, as well as whether they continue to take a prescribed medication (Ho, Bryson, Rumsfeld, 2009). Medication non adherence is a major public health problem (Desai Choudhry, 2013). The immediate time after discharge is a high risk period for non adherence (Baroletti DellOrfano, 2010), in which 24% of patients dont adhere to their prescribed medication (Jackevicius, Li, Tu, 2008). After six weeks of discharge one forth of patients didnt adhere to prescribed medications (Mathews et al., 2012) and 80% on the long term (DiMatteo, 2004). Non adherence to medication lead to progression of the disease, increase readmission, increase mortality rate, and increase health care cost Smoking is so widespread (WHO,2007), and one of the ten strongest risk factor of IHD (Goff et al., 2013), although non adherence with healthy diet, medication, inactivity all are attributing risk factors for development and progression of IHD, smoking has a significant effect of all risk factor (CDC). Smokers have double to four times to develop IHD than non-smokers (CDC). However quit smoking is the single most effective measure to prevent IHD (Goff et al., 2013). A strong evidence exist about the casual relationship between diet and IHD (Mente, de Koning, Shannon, Anand, 2009). Eating unhealthy diet lead to increase blood cholesterol level, developing of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, obesity, and eventually metabolic syndrome which all are modifiable risk factors for IHD (Goff et al., 2013). However eating vegetables, nuts and mono-saturated fatty acid are among protective habits for prevention of IHD progression (Mente et al., 2009). Non adherence to physical activity in different culture and societies are common (Rodrigues, Joà £o, Gallani, Cornà ©lio, Alexandre, 2013). The proportion of adults who meet the recommended guidelines of American Heart Association (AHA) for regular physical activity has reduced over time (Roger et al., 2012). A recent meta analysis has been shown that an inverse relationship exist between physical activity and increasing risk of IHD; those patients who didnt do physical activity are 10-20 more risky than who do moderate physical activity and 20-30 more risky than who do high physical activity (Li Siegrist, 2012). To decrease the effect of IHD and prevent its progression secondary prevention programs done and rehabilitation centers are found, However few people attend these programs regularly (Bjarnason-Wehrens et al., 2010). Many obstacles hinder the attendance of these programs include logistic barriers like transportation difficulties, financial cost, and embarrassment of attendance (Neubeck et al., 2012). So more feasible, economical, and provide privacy for patient method is required as alternative. Tele-health, which define as the use of different type of modern information and technology to contribute t clinical support and to improve health (WHO,2009), is more economical, feasible, and provide the patients privacy. The use of mobile is growing faster and faster, and many patients have mobiles (Deng, 2013). Many studies done using technology to improve adherence among patients, especially Short Message System (SMS) in high technologic counties (Dale et al., 2014; Khonsari et al., 2014). To my knowledge this is the first study done to assess the effect of use of telehealth in a less technology-dependent countries. So the purpose of the study is: examine the effect of short message system (SMS) on medication, healthy diet, smoking cessation and physical activity adherence among IHD patients. Research hypotheses: patients who will receive reminder message will be more adherent to medication, healthy diet , smoking cessation and physical activity than those who will not. References Baroletti, S., DellOrfano, H. (2010). Medication adherence in cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 121(12), 1455-1458. Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., McGee, H., Zwisler, A.-D., Piepoli, M. F., Benzer, W., Schmid, J.-P., . . . Niebauer, J. (2010). Cardiac rehabilitation in Europe: results from the European cardiac rehabilitation Inventory survey. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention Rehabilitation, 17(4), 410-418. Chiuve, S. E., McCullough, M. L., Sacks, F. M., Rimm, E. B. (2006). Healthy lifestyle factors in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease among men benefits among users and nonusers of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications. Circulation, 114(2), 160-167. Dale, L. P., Whittaker, R., Jiang, Y., Stewart, R., Rolleston, A., Maddison, R. (2014). Improving coronary heart disease self-management using mobile technologies (Text4Heart): a randomised controlled trial protocol. Trials, 15(1), 71. Danaei, G., Ding, E. L., Mozaffarian, D., Taylor, B., Rehm, J., Murray, C. J., Ezzati, M. (2009). The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. PLoS medicine, 6(4), e1000058. Deng, Z. (2013). Understanding public users adoption of mobile health service. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 11(4), 351-373. Desai, N. R., Choudhry, N. K. (2013). Impediments to adherence to post myocardial infarction medications. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt Review]. Curr Cardiol Rep, 15(1), 322. doi: 10.1007/s11886-012-0322-6 DiMatteo, M. R. (2004). Variations in patients adherence to medical recommendations: a quantitative review of 50 years of research. Medical care, 42(3), 200-209. Eckel, R. H., Jakicic, J. M., Ard, J. D., Miller, N. H., Hubbard, V. S., Nonas, C. A., . . . Smith, S. C. (2013). 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on Lifestyle Management to Reduce Cardiovascular RiskA Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Eshah, N., Bond, A. (2009). Acute myocardial infarction survivors experiences: a qualitative literature review. J Med J 43(3), 238-264. Gaziano, T. A., Bitton, A., Anand, S., Abrahams-Gessel, S., Murphy, A. (2010). Growing epidemic of coronary heart disease in low-and middle-income countries. Current problems in cardiology, 35(2), 72-115. Goff, D. C., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Bennett, G., Coady, S., D’Agostino, R. B., Gibbons, R., . . . Wilson, P. W. F. (2013). 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98 Heran, B. S., Chen, J., Ebrahim, S., Moxham, T., Oldridge, N., Rees, K., . . . Taylor, R. S. (2011). Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7(7). Ho, P. M., Bryson, C. L., Rumsfeld, J. S. (2009). Medication adherence its importance in cardiovascular outcomes. Circulation, 119(23), 3028-3035. Jackevicius, C. A., Li, P., Tu, J. V. (2008). Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of primary nonadherence after acute myocardial infarction. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt]. Circulation, 117(8), 1028-1036. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706820 Khonsari, S., Subramanian, P., Chinna, K., Latif, L. A., Ling, L. W., Gholami, O. (2014). Effect of a reminder system using an automated short message service on medication adherence following acute coronary syndrome. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. doi: 10.1177/1474515114521910 Li, J., Siegrist, J. (2012). Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease—a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. International journal of environmental research and public health, 9(2), 391-407. Martin, L. R., Williams, S. L., Haskard, K. B., DiMatteo, M. R. (2005). The challenge of patient adherence. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 1(3), 189. Mathews, R., Peterson, E., Honeycutt, E., Chin, C. T., Ryan, K., Effron, M., . . . Wang, T. (2012). Medication nonadherence among patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from the Translate-ACS study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 59(13s1), E1814-E1814. Mente, A., de Koning, L., Shannon, H. S., Anand, S. S. (2009). A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease. Archives of internal medicine, 169(7), 659-669. Neubeck, L., Freedman, S. B., Clark, A. M., Briffa, T., Bauman, A., Redfern, J. (2012). Participating in cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative data. European journal of preventive cardiology, 19(3), 494-503. Piepoli, M. F., Corra, U., Benzer, W., Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., Dendale, P., Gaita, D., . . . Zwisler, A.-D. O. (2010). Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: from knowledge to implementation. A position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention Rehabilitation, 17(1), 1-17. Rodrigues, R. C. M., Joà £o, T. M. S., Gallani, M. C. B. J., Cornà ©lio, M. E., Alexandre, N. M. C. (2013). The Moving Heart Program: an intervention to improve physical activity among patients with coronary heart disease. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 21(SPE), 180-189. Roger, V. L., Go, A. S., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Borden, W. B., . . . Fox, C. S. (2012). Heart disease and stroke statistics—2012 update a report from the American heart association. Circulation, 125(1), e2-e220. Saczynski, J. S., Lessard, D., Spencer, F. A., Gurwitz, J. H., Gore, J. M., Yarzebski, J., Goldberg, R. J. (2010). Declining length of stay for patients hospitalized with AMI: impact on mortality and readmissions. The American journal of medicine, 123(11), 1007-1015. World Health Organization. (2011). The top 10 causes of death. Fact sheet Number 310: Geneva: WHO. 1

Justice Versus Empire in J.M. Coetzees Waiting for the Barbarians Essa

Justice Versus Empire in J.M. Coetzee's Waiting for the Barbarians Rhythm is the fundamental element of music; without its pulsing drive, a melody seems aimless, and harmony irrelevant. The beat of a drum awakens the primal within us, calling back ancestral memories and basic instincts. It can lead us to dance and to joy, but also, too often, to war. The war drums beat loudly in cycles throughout history. Many would argue they first became audible to our generation immediately following September 11 th, 2001, and grew deafening with the buildup to our invasion of Iraq. Few would deny that with America's massive global economic and military influence, we have become an empire. Many would argue that we have been an imperial power for some time now. Even so, it is only recently that that recognition has entered the popular consciousness, and so only recently could we begin interpreting artistic analyses and criticisms of imperialism as they relate to our own nation. J.M. Coetzee?s Waiting for the Barbarians paints a disturbing picture of what it means to be a citizen and a proponent of empire, one as applicable to modern America as it was to apartheid South Africa at the time it was written. Coetzee has created a story of Justice versus Empire that applies to us all not just as imperial citizens, but as human beings as well. The Magistrate is the novel?s intellectual and its narrator, so the reader identifies with his position best of all; he acts as a countervailing moral force to the all-consuming drive of Empire. He has a strong commitment to the idea of "decency", a concept we can roughly equate with basic human rights. He shudders at the mistreatment of Colonel Joll's first round of prisoners, and completely loses his... ...hem away from the United States mainland and their own homes and families. They have no rights, and journalistic reporting from the area is minimal if it occurs at all. There is frequent talk of what unspeakable acts may be going on there behind closed doors, and there has been no denial from the United States government. Coetzee?s ability to universalize a tale is disturbing in this modern light. Our leaders would do best to heed the lessons of literature; even now, our own population grows skeptical and is unwilling to accept mere nationalistic bluster as justification. Will Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld, and Wolfowitz flee Washington under cover of night someday soon as the people pelt them with stones? It?s a comforting image for some, but even then, the damage may be irreparable. Works Cited: Coetzee, J.M. 1980 Waiting for the Barbarians Harmondsworth, Penguin.

The Global Cement Industry and Cemex’s Penetration Strategy Into International Markets

The Global Cement Industry and Cemex’s Penetration Strategy into International Markets My report argues that demand and capacity creation in developing economies is a major driver in the global cement industry, which given the nature of the product (high transportation costs arising from its bulk) is prone to major company expansion by mergers and acquisitions. Cemex’s expansion strategy focuses on merger and acquisition (M&A), mainly exploiting its expertise of operating in difficult institutional environments and taking advantage of opportunities arising from difficulties in developing market economies.The company successfully adapts best practice and technologies from its acquisitions throughout the wider company. My report begins with definitions, presents an overview of the global cement industry (section two) key players in the industry (section three) and M&A trends (section four). I then analyse Cemex’s entry strategies by exploring in turn the regions in to which it has expanded (section five) drawing conclusions on its penetration strategy. 1Introduction and definitionsCement is a binding substance, which sets and hardens independently binding other materials together. It is intended for use in building or construction material and can withstand varying environmental conditions. About 75% of cement production is used in ready-mixed concrete to be utilized in construction. The remaining 25%, Portland Cement Association (2009) shows, is used for paving roads or extracting oil. As Selim and Salem (2010) indicate basic raw materials for cement production are iron, aluminium, silicon and calcium.Normally cement is divided as Portland cement, Portland cement blends and non-Portland hydraulic cements. Portland cement, which can be roughly divided into White Portland and Gray Portland, is the most commonly used type as it is the basic ingredient of concrete (Cemex, 2013a, PCA, 2013). There are two different processes used in the manufactur e of cement – dry process and wet process. In the wet process, the raw materials, after properly proportioned, are ground with water, thoroughly mixed and fed into the kiln in the form of a â€Å"slurry† (containing enough water to make it fluid).In the dry process, raw materials are ground, mixed, and fed to the kiln in a dry state instead. In other respects, the two processes are essentially alike (PCA, 2013). However, the dry process was considered to be more sufficient than the wet one since it consumes less energy. On the other hand, the dry process requires more investment in equipment and plants. Cement manufactures in developing countries have widely adopted the wet process but the transformation to the dry process is underway on a large scale. 2An overview of the global cement industryThis section discusses the nature of the global cement industry, including the market size and market potential, the nature of cement products, market supply and demand and relat ed environmental issues, to provide a broad view to understand the nature of competition. The following are the main characteristics of the global cement industry. Huge market – especially emerging markets Cement is the primary and indispensable material in infrastructure construction for every country. Although it only accounts for around 6–13% in construction costs (Chandramouli, 2012), there are few substitutes for it (Wesley, 2009).Hence there is a potential huge global market with strong contracts between developed and developing countries. While the developed countries mostly have steady and limited demand for cement, the developing world is a more promising market, as a result of large-scale constructions: the demand of cement is positively correlated with a nation’s economic development. World demand for cement is growing by 4. 7% per annum reaching 6% growth in 2012, with total consumption of 3. 78 million tons (CW Group, 2012).Consumption in developing countries drives this growth in Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe, and the Middle East regions; China is the strongest driver. In contract, consumption in Europe has been stalled and the growth rate of consumption in the US is a steady 2%. Therefore, developing countries are the main drivers of the growth in cement demand – a trajectory likely to continue. Cost is dominated by oil price and transportation Due to the specificity of cement products, in the cement industry, oil price and transportation cost are dominant factors affecting cost.The cement industry is energy intensive and thus fuel costs is the most critical part in cement manufacturing, constituting 35% of total cost of production (Das, 2011). Therefore, the fluctuation of fuel price, especially oil price, has impacts greatly on production cost. During the first quarter of 2012, the oil price had kept rising and was 12% up by the end of 2011. At that time, the cement industry increased prices to cover hig her fuel cost. In June 2012, Caribbean Cement Company Limited increased the price of bagged cement by 9. %, and the company claimed that its ex-factory was still among the lowest in five other regional markets. Cement is, clearly, a type of high weight-to-price ratio product and it is usually purchased in bulk. As a consequence, transportation expenditure is relatively high and restricts the spatial reach of markets. It is more feasible to produce cement domestically or to import cement products from neighbouring countries to reduce the transportation fee. Hence, the scale of international cement trade is small (5%-7%) when compared with total cement production worldwide (Selim and Salem, 2010).The demand of cement can be unpredictable Since cement production is largely dependent on infrastructure constructions, as Wesley (2009) argues, national construction polices and projects drives demand: sales volume is more sensitive to construction levels than to price. Over the long-term pe rspective, changes in social factors such as population and economic growth also affect cement consumption. The residential day-to-day demand for cement can be uncertain; it may be disrupted by unexpected situations such as bad weather (Wesley, 2009). Constantly related with environmental issuesAlthough cement is locally produced in most cases, the impact of cement production is global, especially its environmental aspects; as Selim and Salem (2010) argues. The mass production with high-energy consumption brings pollution, producing 5% of the world’s total emission of greenhouse gases Loreti (2008) and Uwasu et al. (2012) estimate This pollution is produced mainly in developing countries, which are the main production locations of cement. China alone, being the world’s leader in carbon dioxide emission and cement production, has 15% of its emission contributed by cement the World Resources Institute (2008) suggests.The environmental issue becomes extremely urgent and p ushes major global players to set up stricter emission standards on the cement industry. 3Top players and in global cement industry The table below shows the largest 20 cement producers in the world. It can be seen that top global players in this industry are either from Western Europe or from emerging markets, especially China. Rank| Company/Group| Country| Capacity (Mt/yr)| No. of plants| 1| Lafarge| France| 225| 166| 2| Holcim| Switzerland| 217| 149| 3| CNBM| China| 200| 69| 4| Anhui Conch| China| 180| 34| 5| Heidelberg Cement| Germany| 118| 71| | Jidong| China| 100| 100| 7| Cemex| Mexico| 96| 61| 8| China Resources| China| 89| 16| 9| Sinoma| China| 87| 24| 10| Shanshui| China| 84| 13| 11| Italcementi| Italy| 74| 55| 12| Taiwan Cement| Taiwan| 70| -| 13| Votorantim*| Brazil| 57| 37| 14| CRH**| Ireland| 56| 11| 15| UltraTech| India| 53| 12| 16| Huaxin| China| 52| 51| 17| Buzzi| Italy| 45| 39| 18| Eurocement| Russia| 40| 16| 19| Tianrui| China| 35| 11| 20| Jaypee***| India| 34| 16| Table 1 Global cement companies 1-20 ranked by capacity Source: Global Cement Magazine, 2012 * Includes 15Mt/yr of capacity from Cimpor shares. * Cement capacity calculated from clinker capacity assuming clinker factor of 95%. ***As in April 2012. Table 2 indicates top cement producing countries – again, fast-developing countries are the main force driving cement production. Rank| Country| Capacity (Mt)| 1| China| 2000| 2| India| 210| 3| USA (inc. Puerto Rico)| 68. 4| 4| Turkey| 64| 5| Brazil| 62. 6| 6| Russia| 52| 7| Iran| 52| 8| Vietnam| 50| 9| Japan| 47| 10| Korea, Republic of| 46| 11| Egypt| 45| 12| Saudi Arabia | 44| 13| Thailand| 36| 14| Italy| 35| 15| Mexico| 35| 16| Germany| 33| 17| Pakistan| 30| 18| Indonesia| 22| 19| Spain| 20. 7| Other countries (rounded)| 480| | World total (rounded)| 3400| Table 2: Top global cement producing countries by installed capacity (2011, estimated) Source: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2012 From the tables above, it can be concluded that China is the leader in both cement production and consumption due to its large scale infrastructure construction and fast development, representing more than half of the world’s total consumption. India follows China as the second largest consumer while also having large producing capacity. The United States is the largest cement consumer in the developed world. Major M&A trends As the Economist (1999) illustrates, larger players in the cement sector frequently undertake mergers and acquisitions (M&A) domestically and globally, to increase market share and benefit from economies of scale. The Economist goes on to argue that this high level of M&A activity is driven by the nature of the cement industry since cement production is localised and transportation costs are high; thus global producers need to purchase local companies to enter new markets, especially when a domestic market is saturated or in downturn.Since the 1970s, the cement industry in the developed world has bee n saturated and there is little space for market expansion. Developing countries have consequently become the target market for expanding new capacity and seizing market share a trend clear since the 1990s. The industry is therefore becoming more of a monopoly with oligarchic key players taking the important decisions, making M&A decisions, guided of course by changing economic and market conditions. In the 1990s, global cement giants saw great opportunities for M&A and competed to purchase market share in rapidly developing markets at good prices.For example, the Mexican Peso crisis (1994) resulted in a currency flight to US dollars and Peso devaluation, a situation Cemex turned to their advantage, Wesley (2009) argues, by purchasing Latin American cement companies at undervalued prices. Similarly, after the Asian financial crisis in 1997, the Asian cement industry fell into a downturn. Global cement giants took advantage and purchased leading cement companies in the Philippines, T hailand and Indonesia as bargains.At that time, six global giants purchased seventeen of the nineteen Philippine cement companies leaving Lafarge, Holcim and Cemex controlling 88% of the nation’s cement capacity. When the regional economy recovered, Cembusiness (2006) suggests, the price of cement rose again quickly and these multinational giants benefited from huge profits in Southeast Asia. 5Cemex’s entry strategy into international markets Cemex is currently the world’s third largest cement producer headquartered in Monterrey, Mexico.Although Cemex founded 107 years ago, it had been a domestic player for its first 80 years and did not start its global expansion until the 1990s. Its M&A progress has been remarkable: it now operates profitably in 50 countries in the world with 44000 employees and annual sales of US$15. 14 billion (Cemex, 2013a). In general, as Hill (2008) points out, a firm’s entry modes into foreign markets include exporting, contracts (licensing or franchising), foreign direct investment (joint venture and wholly owned subsidiary, including M&A) and strategic alliances.As discussed above, global cement giants, including Cemex, mainly enter foreign markets through M&A. Specifically, as a global player from an emerging market, Cemex needs to build its own competitive advantage during its internationalisation processes to cope with its disadvantageous competitive position vis-a-vis companies from developed countries. In short, Cemex is diversifying its market position through internationalisation (Liu, 2013). As Cemex’s expansion history extends spatially, I now turn to discuss its entry strategies into the global market by regions, which are shown in table 3. Cement production capacity (Million metric tons/year)| Cement plants controlled| Sales (millions of US dollars)| Mexico| 29. 3| 15| 3,474| United States| 17. 1| 13| 2,521| Northern Europe| 11. 9| 7| 4,729| Mediterranean| 18. 8| 12| 1,719| South, Central America and the Caribbean| 12. 8| 11| 1,745| Asia| 5. 7| 3| 505| Others| -| -| 445| Total| 95. 6| 61| 15,139| Table 3: Global review of Cemex’s operations As of December 31, 2011 Source: Cemex Annual Report 2011 Europe Europe was Cemex’s first step in global expansion.In July 1992, as Wesley (2009) reports, Cemex acquired two of the largest cement companies – Valenciana and Sanson – in Spain, with Valenciana becoming its regional hub holding company for all of Cemex’s future international acquisitions. However, significant movement into Spain, Europe did not become the main destination of Cemex as this region had limited potential for growth. More importantly, European players such as the French Lafarge and German Heidelberg controlled the European region.These European giants had advantages of scale, market share and advanced technology. What Cemex needed was not only the action of acquiring: it needed the advantages of the post-merger integratio n to catch up and improve. After purchasing Valenciana and Sanson, Cemex integrated its two Spanish subsidiaries by merging and streamlining the organisations and improved its technological and operational implementation. Cemex’s other substantial step in Europe was the purchase in 2005 of RMC, the world’s largest producer of ready-mixed concrete based in the UK.With this acquisition Cemex doubled its size, adding 20 mainly European markets (Cemex, 2013a) and managed to extend its product mix, becoming top producers of not only cement but also concrete and other construction aggregate (China Cement Net, 2005). Latin America Cemex made a series of acquisitions in Latin America, benefiting from the close psychic distance and geographic proximity to Mexico. Furthermore, in the 1990s, Latin America was an underdeveloped market with a high growth trajectory.Although at that time, Latin American countries were in a turbulent political and institutional condition with poor in frastructure and limited market information, Cemex viewed these conditions as advantages Fleury and Fleury (2011) argue, exploiting its experience in dealing with chaotic market environments in its home country and captured the opportune moment of the Peso crisis in 1994. Cemex moved into Latin America, including Central America and the Caribbean, by acquisitions in Venezuela (1994), Panama (1994), Dominican republic (1995), Colombia (1996), Costa Rica (1999), Nicaragua (2001), and Puerto Rican (2002) (see Cemex, 2013a).Latin America has been an important destination for Cemex, especially in the decade since the Peso crisis. During this decade foreign cement giants divided up the Latin American market due to the collapse of local producers and Cemex gained the dominant position. After acquiring those companies, Lessard and Reavis (2009) suggest, Cemex also upgraded its administration, production and technologies in this region, exploiting learning from the company’s operation s in Mexico and Spain. Although Cemex has a noteworthy presence in Latin American countries, its production capacity in South,Central America and the Caribbean accounts for only 13. 4% of its total sales in 2011, less than its capacity in the United States, Northern Europe and Mediterranean respectively and less than half of its domestic capacity (Cemex, 2011). However, there has been a rapid increase in South America and the Caribbean since mid-2000s, as a result of higher levels of public expenditure on infrastructure, industrial and commercial development and housing construction (United Nations ECLAC, 2007).Hence Cemex controls its closest emerging market area, with the exception of Brazil. The USA The United States, unlike other developed countries, remains a major consumer and producer of cement products; however, few its cement producers are American-owned. In the 1970s, Wesley (2009) points out, when Cemex was a domestic firm, most US cement producers were already taken over by European companies. Cemex’s significant incursion into US market was the purchase of American producer Southdown in 2000.Southdown was one of the largest American cement producers and it was state-owned. Cemex’s purchase followed a 20-year joint venture with Southdown called Sunbelt in 1986: following disagreements on management fees and the price of imported cement, the partnership dissolved and Southdown supported anti-dumping measures against Mexican producers (Wesley, 2009). By late 1990s, Southdown was making profits from its upgraded plants and lower costs whilst unsatisfactorily performing on the stock market, enabling Cemex to buy Southdown for $2. billion in November 2000 (Cemex, 2000), becoming North America’s largest cement producer, obtaining Sothdown’s advanced production capacity and markets and circumventing anti-dumping duties. Another Cemex step into North America (Black, 2007) was the purchase of the Rinker Corporation, an Australia- based concrete maker that had about 80% of its sales in the US, notably increasing its share of the U. S. concrete market. Asia Cemex turned its attention into Asia after 1997, seeing the potential in Asian growth and M&A opportunities following the financial crisis in southeast Asia (Wesley, 2009).In the next few years, Cemex made acquisitions in the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and India. Following rapid economic development and large-scale construction in Asia, by 2011 Cemex only managed to have the capacity of 5. 7 million metric tons in this region, representing only 6% of Cemex global capacity. Cemex failed to gain significant market share in China and India, the two largest Asian cement markets: the company continues to pay attention to the burgeoning Chinese and Indian markets (China Cement Net, 2005), however, institutional restrictions inhibit its growth.Indeed, the cement industry in China has excess capacity following slowdown in construction growth: many cement plan ts having been built during the boom. Currently Cemex does not have specific expansion plan of for China although it expresses a lot of interest (China Cement Net, 2006). In India, Cemex is more positive and in negotiations to acquire several Indian producers. Middle East and Africa (MENA) In 1999, Cemex acquired Assiut Cement Company, the largest cement producer in Egypt, started operating in Africa and increased its capacity following acquisitions (Wesley, 2009).Cemex also has operations in Israel and United Arab Emirates. The total presence in Middle East and Africa is limited since the African cement market is underdeveloped and as Digital Cement (2010) point out, the MENA cement markets are locally controlled. In summary, Cemex’s expansion into the global market is not only the strategic choice about competing and bidding for acquisitions, but also the integration process that ensued, as an opportunity to drive change, and as a result, continuously evolve as a corporatio n (Lessard and Reavis, 2009). 6ConclusionsCemex’s penetration strategy is shaped by the nature of the product and structure of the industry. Since cement is bulky and costly to transport global-global entry strategies are unavailable to it. The industry structure reflects the product in a wide array of regional-scale producers. Like other major players in the industry (such as Lafarge, Holcim and Heidelber) has sought to penetrate international markets by M&A rather than direct investment, strategic alliances or licensing. Another characteristic of the global cement industry is that developing economies are the drivers of demand.Often these markets remain difficult to enter being overly regulated, protected or subject to corruption and political interference. Cemex uses its origins in a developing market as an advantage: the company has expertise in overcoming these barriers, knowledge it has successfully exploited in numerous markets. Additionally, Cemex has taken advantage of other adverse trading conditions in its target markets (Asian financial crisis, Peso crisis) to conclude M&A deals when target company prices are depressed. Bibliography 1. Black, T. , 2007.Cemex Wins Control of Rinker With $14. 2 Billion Offer (Update3). [online] Available at: . 2. Chandramouli, R. , 2012. Cement contributes to less than 10% of construction cost. The Times of India. [online] Available at: . 3. Cembusiness, 2006. 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